http://www.amazon.com/Against-Our-Will-Women-Rape/dp/0449908208
Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape [Paperback]
Susan Brownmiller (Author)
の92-97ページ、訳文は
レイプ・踏みにじられた意思
In December, 1972, when the Paris "peace" talks had finally reached an intensive phase, I had several long interviews in New York with Peter Arnett, Associated Press correspondent in Vietnam for eight years. Like the rest of Saigon press corps, this Pulitzer Prize winner had never filed a rape story from Vietnam, but like the rest of the press corps he had certainly been aware of its incidence. When he began to think about it, Arnett was able to delineate rape in Vietnam on many levels.
パリ『和平』会談がようやく大詰めを迎えた1972年12月、ニューヨークで、私は、APのベトナム特派員を8年間勤めているピーター・アーネットに長時間に及ぶインタービューを数回おこなった。他のサイゴン詰めの記者たちと同じく、ピュリッツァー賞受賞者であるアーネットもベトナムから強姦に関する記事を投稿したことはなかったが、これまた他の記者たちと同じく、彼も強姦が起きていることははっきりと認識していた。そのことに思い至ったとき、アーネットは、ベトナム国内の強姦について、多様なレベルで描写することができるようになった。
(p. 87)
It was Arnett's opinion (not shared by me) that the U.S. Army was "more enlightened" than the Marine Corps when it came to sexual accommodation. By 1966 the 1st Cavalry Division at An Khe, in the Central Highlands, the 1st Infantry Division at Lai Khe, twenty-five miles north of Saigon, and the 4th Infantry Division at Pleiku had established official military brothels within the perimeter of their base camps.
アーネットの見解では（私は同意しなかったが）、性提供施設については、米陸軍は米海兵隊よりも「進んで」いた。1966年には、中部高原地帯にあるアン・ケに駐留していた第1騎兵師団、サイゴンの北25マイルにあるライ・ケに駐留していた第1歩兵師団、そしてプレイク駐留の第4歩兵師団は、それぞれのベース･キャンプの外辺部内に公認の軍用売春施設を設営していた。
The Lai Khe "recreation area" belonging to the base camp of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division was one-acre compound surrounded by barbed wire with American MP's standing guard at the gate. It was opened only during daylight hours for security reasons. Inside the compound there were shops that sold hot dogs, hamburgers and souvenirs, but the main attraction was two concrete barracks, each about one hundred feet long—the military whorehouses that serviced the four-thousand-man brigade. Each building was outfitted with two bars, a bandstand, and sixty curtained cubicles in which the Vietnamese women lived and worked.
第1歩兵師団第3旅団が所有していたライ・ケの「レクリエーション・エリア」は、面積1エーカーで、有刺鉄線で周囲が囲まれており、ゲートにはMPが歩哨に立っていた。保安上の理由から、営業していたのは昼間だけであった。敷地内には、ホットドッグ、ハンバーガー、土産物を売る店が複数あったが、売りは、どちらも長さ約100フィートのコンクリート・バラック2棟－4000人からなる旅団に性的サービスを与えるための軍用売春施設－であった。それぞれのバラックにはバーが2つ、バンド用ステージが１つ、そして入り口にカーテンがかかった小部屋が60室あり、小部屋の中でベトナム人女性が住み込みで働いていた。
An individual cubicle contained little more than a table with a thin mattress on it and a peg on one wall for the girl's change of clothing. On opposite wall a Playboy nude centerfold provided decoration and stimulation for the visiting soldier. The women who lived in the Lai Khe recreation-center cubicles were garishly made up with elaborate, sprayed bouffant hairdos and many had enlarged their breasts with silicon injections as a concession to Western fetish. The sexual service, as Arnett described it, was "quick, straight, and routine," and the women were paid five hundred piasters (the equivalent of two dollars in American money) for each turn by their GI clients. Americans always paid in piasters. For each trick she turned, a girl would get to keep two hundred piasters (seventy-five cents), the rest going to various levels of payoffs. By turning eight to ten tricks a day a typical prostitute in the Lai Khe compound earned more per month than her GI clients, Arnett advised me—a curious sidelight to a not-so-free enterprise system.
Refugees who had lost their homes and families during the war and veterans of the earlier Saigon bar trade formed the stock of the brothel. They were recruited by the province chief, who took his payoff, and were channeled into town by the mayor of Lai Khe, who also got his cut. The American military, which kept its hands partially clean by leaving the procurement and price arrangement to Vietnamese civilians, controlled and regulated the health and security features of the trade. "The girls were checked a swabbed every week for VD by Army medics," my informed source told me approvingly.
Military brothels on Army base camps ("Sin Cities," "Disneylands" or "boom-boom parlors") were built by decision of a division commander, a two-star general, and were under the direct operational control of a brigade commander with the rank of colonel. Clearly, Army brothels in Vietnam existed by the grace of Army Chief of Staff William C. Westmoreland, the United States Embassy in Saigon, and the Pentagon.
Venereal disease, mostly gonorrhea, was a major preoccupation of the military in Vietnam. One official brothel outside Saigon had a sign on the wall of the bar that "GIRLS WITH TAGS ARE CLEAN." Lest the declaration failed to make its point, a sign on the opposite wall spelled out "GIRLS WITHOUT TAGS ARE DISEASED." It was mandatory for all units to report their incidence of VD to the higher-ups, since it reflected on military discipline as well as on the health of the soldiery; and a high VD count was charged against the merit rating of a battalion. "Most units lied about their VD count," Arnett believed. It was also his understanding that the reported VD rate "was high from the beginning" in relation to other wars and to a normal civilian population. (In 1969 GI's contracted venereal disease in Vietnam at a reported rate of 200 cases per 1,000 persons; the United States rate at the time was 32).
(pp. 94-96. Emphasis added.)
ベトナム戦争時の米軍によるベトナム人女性の強姦について興味深い考察があったので、引用しておきます。
Despite the intense propaganda throughout the long war, our American soldiers did not believe that they were "liberating" anyone, nor were they perceived as liberators. Men in the field were perpetually in a tenuous, frustrating semicombat situation. As Arnett described it, "There were no fixed targets, no objectives, no highways to take—it was patrol and repatrol, search and destroy. Anything outside the perimeter of the base camp or the nearest government-controlled village was enemy territory, and all civilians were treated as enemy. It was so easy to rape on a squad level. Soldiers would enter a village without an interpreter. Nobody spoke Vietnamese. It was an anonymous situation. Any American could grab any woman as a suspect and there was little or no recourse to the law by the people.
Raping and looting go hand in hand in warfare but there was little to loot in the villages of South Vietnam. Arnett believed that the juxtaposition of fragile, small-boned Vietnamese women again tall, strong American men created an exaggerated masculine-feminine dynamic that lent itself readily rape (a similar situation had occurred in Bangladesh). He thought that the Americans participated more in gang rape than in individual assault, the style of the South Vietnamese Army, "because the Americans were trained in the buddy system, for security. They were warned against the dangers of individual fraternizing on operations." The likelihood of sexual assault diminished, he believed, "if the company commander was present—a career officer, a captain or a lieutenant. The noncoms and soldiers had less at stake." His final observation, shared by his Vietnamese wife, his wife's family and others he knew, was that whatever the incidence of atrocity from 1965 on, "the Americans' personal conduct was far better historically than the French, their mercenaries, or the Japanese."
(pp. 97-98. Emphasis added.)
■ Susan Brownmiller 2
米議会調査局（CRS）報告書が出た頃に、Yuki Tanakaって誰だ？と一部で噂になった田中利幸先生ですが、
【謎の慰安婦本】著者・田中ユキの正体は親北研究員 2007/04/14
http://ganesh.iza.ne.jp/blog/entry/151555/
丁寧に調べ上げてるが、調べれば調べるほど妄想が膨らんでいく過程が面白い。また、コメント欄も大爆笑だったりする。Yuki Tanakaだけじゃ、ユキかユーキかもわからんし、第一、日本語の名前に馴染みの薄い外国人にはYUKIが男か女かさえわからんと思うのだが、なんでいちいち考えが自国文化中心なんだろ？？？？
先生の著作
Japan's Comfort Women (Asia's Transformations)
作者: Yuki Tanaka
出版社/メーカー: Routledge
発売日: 2001/12/21
メディア: ペーパーバック
クリック: 2回
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この本の序文をSusan Brownmillerさんが書いてます。以下、引用します（なんちゃって翻訳は、これまたぼちぼちと・・・）。
Foreword
By Susan Brownmiller
In December 1991, three Korean women who had been abducted into Japanese military brothels during World War II filed a dramatic class-action lawsuit in a Tokyo court. After a half-century of shame, anonymity, and hardship, the aged survivors were ready to tell their personal stories, and to demand an apology and reparations from the Japanese government on behalf of an estimated 100,000 victims.
The women's campaign had begun in Seoul with a call for a public memorial and had escalated into impromptu confrontations with Japanese diplomats. Their tactical leader, an active feminist, was Professor Yun Chun Ok of Eiwa Women's University. As a young schoolgirl, Professor Yun herself had narrowly escaped abduction and conscription into the brothels. Aided by church women and a sisterly coalition of Japanese feminists who were equally intent on righting an historic wrong, the Koreans' demand for belated justice was covered widely by the foreign media, putting the term "comfort women" into the international lexicon.
Thus, the world learned of a highly organized trafficking system during the Pacific War run by the Japanese Imperial Army, secret police, and local "labor recruiters" using the ruse of legitimate jobs for good pay. Girls and women taken from country village, or hijacked in a broad daylight on city streets, became a human cargo that was transported to barracks on frontline posts, jungle airstrips, and base camps, where the captives remained in sexual servitude until the war's end.
Japan's military brothels were not exactly an undocumented story when the Korean comfort women launched their international campaign. Two books on the subject published in 1970s had assumed a modest place in Japan's growing literature of conscience, but the research of Kim Il Myon, a Korean, and Senda Kako, a Japanese, had produced little interest and only scant indignation. It took the rise of an indigenous feminist movement in Asia to supply the moral outrage and place the dormant issue in a modern context.
Yuki Tanaka, the son of a Japanese military man, is the latest historian, and certainly the most meticulous, exhaustive scholar, to explore the dimensions of the comfort women story. In addition to ferreting out fresh documentations from buried and forgotten sources, he creates and original overview by moving backward and forward in time from the World War II era. He offers a capsule history of Japanese prostitution in foreign and domestic ports in the nineteenth century as Japan sought to expand its international trade (making the interesting point that the trade in women's flesh helped to jump-start capitalist enterprise). He compares Japan's wartime comfort stations with the brothels hastily set up by the defeated rulers for American soldiers during the postwar Occupation (the coercion was economic need rather than brute force). And he notes the similarities between the comfort women's slavery-like barracks and the "rape camps" holding Bosnian women in the ethnic wars that tore apart the former Yugoslavia.
Professor Tanaka offers no excuses for what his country did to women in the Second World War II, but he sees it as part of a pervasive pattern of worldwide male aggression and domination. Trafficking in women has been on the increase, in China, Vietnam, Russia, and Eastern Europe, ever since the fall of communism exposed the destitute economies of these unfortunate countries. The moral lawlessness accompanying crude, rudimentary capitalism is not very different from the brutal sexual exploitation that accompanies warfare. The question for the future, of course is can it be stopped?
Susan Brownmiller
author of Against our
Will: Men, Women and Rape
(pp. xv-xvi)
http://ianhu.g.hatena.ne.jp/Stiffmuscle/20070909
Susan Brownmiller 3
The Rape of Nanking in "Against Our Will"
Susan Brownmillerが1975年に出した"Against Our Will"には、「慰安婦」の記述はありませんが、戦場でのレイプに関して「南京大虐殺」のことが数ページに渡って書いてあります。"The Rape of Nanking"がIris Chanの造語だとわけのわからん勘違いをしている御仁は引用者が強調した部分だけでも、web翻訳にかけてみてください。
The Far East equivalent of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal was held in Tokyo 1946. Now it was the Japanese war machine that was held under scrutiny, and now it was the master-race theory of the Land of the Rising Sun—with the Chinese nation forced to play the role of "inferior people"—that the ultimate victors of World War II had cause to examine and pass judgment upon. At the Tokyo tribunal the full story of the Rape of Nanking, almost ten years after the fact, was finally made known.
(snib)
Report of unchecked violence, including terrifying accounts of mass rape, filtered out of the captured city despite an official news blanket ordered by Generalissimo Chiang. But when the silence was finally broken in January, a curious thing happened. Nanking had clearly been the victim of unlawful atrocity. As the Western press jumped into the breach, accounts of wanton murder and looting were gravely brought to the world's attention, but stories of rape were handled gingerly—almost reluctantly—by international reporters. "A few uninvestigated cases of rape were reported" was the way Life magazine cautiously chose to inform its readers.
Despite the cynicism brought to bear by the Western press, stories of systematic mass rape in Nanking were unusually persistent, so much so that the "Rape of Nanking" soon passed into common usage as the world-wide metaphor for that city's invasion…..
(pp. 56-57)
The pathetic evidence submitted to the military tribunal was conclusive enough. The judgment at Tokyo that "approximately 20,000 cases of rape occurred within the city during the first month of occupation."*1 In its summation the tribunal stated:
Death was a frequently penalty for the slightest resistance on the part of a victim or the members of her family who sought to protect her. Even girls of tender years and old women were raped in large numbers throughout the city, and many cases of abnormal or sadistic behavior in connection with the rapings occurred. Many women were killed after the act and their bodies mutilated. . . . The barbarous behavior of the Japanese army cannot be excused as the acts of a soldiery which had temporarily gotten out of hand when at last a stubbornly defended position had capitulated—rape, arson, and murder continued to be committed on a large scale for at least six weeks after the city had been taken
.
One month before the Nanking invasion General Matsui had crowed that his mission was "to chastise the Nanking Government and the outrageous Chinese." He wanted, he proclaimed, "to dazzle China with Japan's military glory." Ten years later it was the considered opinion of the Tokyo tribunal that the sack of the city had been "either secretly ordered or willfully committed." For his part in the Rape of Nanking General Matsui was sentenced to be hanged.
Matsui's defense had been to deny all charges of illegal atrocities, particularly the accounts of rape, which he called mere "rumors, Chinese passing on the information, perhaps in fun." On cross-examination he repeated in exasperation, " I am only trying to tell you that I am not directly responsible for the discipline and morals of the troops under the respective armies under my command." His intelligence officer, Major Yasuto Nakayama, was a trifle more humble, correctly polite. Concerning cases of rape and assaults against women and girls, Nakayama testified, " I believe there were several cases of this to a limited extent, and I regret that such cases occurred. It is very improper for me to state an opinion before this Tribunal—however, I hope that such incidents will not in the future occur."
Had it not been for the Tokyo war-crimes tribunal, who would have believed the full dimensions of the Rape of Nanking? The Japanese, like all warring governments, were mindful that rape in war was an unconscionable crime under the Hague Convention, and they did their best to cover up their unfortunate traces. The attempted cover-up was duly entered into evidence at the postwar trials.
In February, 1939, the Japanese War Ministry issued a set of top-secret instructions to commander in the field regarding the explicit stifling of certain kinds of conversation heard among men returning home on furlough. This was after the occupation of Nanking and Hankow, and the soldiers of the Rising Sun had been rather loose-tongued about where they had been and what they had done. The orders gave examples of the sort of remarks to be avoided in the future, citing quotes that had appeared in foreign newspaper stories:
"One company commander unofficially gave [us] instructions for raping as follows: 'In order that we will not have problem, either pay them money or kill them in some obscure place after you have finished.'"
"If the army men who participated in the war were investigated individually, they would probably all be guilty of murder, robbery or rape."
"At ----- we captured a family of four. We played with the daughter as we would with a harlot. But as the parents insisted that the daughter be returned to them we killed them. We played with the daughter as before until the unit's departure and then killed her."
"In the half year of battle about the only things I learned are rape and burglary."
America had not yet entered the war, and the secret orders were an effort to avoid unfavorable criticism at home and abroad.
(pp. 60-62)
*1：Given the size of the city and the concentration of assault, the Rape of Nanking was on a par with an event that occurred thirty-four years later, the Rape of Bangladesh.
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